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Natural skin care with papaya 0809

Page history last edited by ecop 14 years, 10 months ago
The Papaya: Simply a Fruit, or Useful in Natural  Skin Care?

 

 

 By:Rachel Hutchinson

 

 

 


Description and Rationale

 

 

Papaya is a fruit well known to the people of the Philippines. It can be eaten both as a fruit (when ripened to an orange color) or as a vegetable when still green. The nutrients in which papaya is enriched with, such as Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Potassium, Copper, Phosphorus, Iron and Fiber, result in the papaya being useful for many other purposes as these nutrients are essential to the body. Because the Philippines is a tropical country, papaya can be found growing anywhere throughout the land as it thrives from the rainy tropical atmosphere and thus is available year round for the purposes of the Filipino people.

 Besides food, what other purposes may the papaya serve? Is this fruit a sufficient source of vitamins for the human body? Could it make an impact in the lives of people if ways were found that it could be used for, besides food? Can the nutrients in this fruit be used externally of the body as well as internally- as food? Can this fruit be harmful in any way if not prepared right or chosen well? Are there other fruit that may be of better use than the papaya?

 

Might there be a main purpose for the papaya that would best provide the nutrients it contains as beneficial to people? Much of the Filipino population find themselves with a low-salary budget and therefore unable to buy items of low necessity in comparison to what is essential for survival. From recent knowledge with the Institute of Plant Breeding Crop Science Cluster in Laguna, Philippines, the papaya has placed the Philippines as the 10th world producer of the fruit with 92% for food use, 6% as export and also within the cosmetics industry. The papaya is a useful, well-known fruit within the Philippines, so can this fruit be used to help benefit the people in more ways other than food? If the papaya is somehow used in the cosmetic industry, does this mean its nutrients are beneficial to the skin? If so, are there specific uses for this fruit with the skin? Is the whole entire fruit beneficial or is only the flesh within the skin useful? Could the papaya possibly be used to create a face cleansing formula, medicinal remedy, meat tenderizer, or scalp-protecting shampoo? If so, could these formulas be created from the papaya and other natural sources that can be found easily in a nearby market or even in the wild, to provide a cheap yet healthy way for Filipinos to have healthy skin?

 

 The initial purpose of this project will be to research the biology and purpose of the papaya fruit which can be located in Manila, Philippines, as well as other regions of the country, through a search of the literature as well as firsthand observations and interviews with people who have found initial purposes for this fruit. These findings will help guide the experimental phase, where key variables in the nutrition and uses for the papaya will be further explored.

 

 It is hoped that the new uses of the nutritious, common fruit might help improve the livelihood of the people in Manila, Philippines through a more informed understanding of an abundant biological resource.  

 

 

 

 

 

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Biology

 

Common Names and Synonyms

 

 

 

The papaya is also known as Carica papaya. As a fruit known well within tropical environments, papaya is also commonly known as papaw.  Although mainly called papaw or papaya, the fruit is also known as kapaya (Tagalog), gedang (Indonesian, du du (Vietnamese) and mugua (Mandarin).

  

 

 

Classification

 

 

Kingdom:       Plantae (plants)

Phylum:           Magnoliaphyta (flowering plants)

Class:             [pm1]  Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)

Order:             Violales (unica comp ovary)

Family:            Caricaceae (milky juice trees with large leaves)

Genus:            [pm2] Carica (papaya)

Species:         C. papaya

 

 

The papaya is a fruit of itself and has been classified by scientists without the difficulty of being undistinguished from other similar fruit. It has however, been classified as being of a species similar to the Babaco, Mountain papaya (C. pubescens) and the Chamburo (C. stipulate).


 
 

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Morphology and Physical Description

 

 

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

 

 

 

 

 

The papaya fruit’s skin, when ripe, obtains amber to orange hue color. When unripe, the papaya fruit is very green, much like an unripe banana. Papayas tend to range from a shape of a pear to the oblong shape of a watermelon. Most papayas tend to weigh from about ½ pound up to 20 pounds. The skin of the papaya is usually very smooth, leather-like and becomes soft to the touch when ripe and is a very thin layer surrounding the whole fruit. At the narrower end of the fruit, papayas have a rough, dark-colored indent. This indent is from where the fruit was broken off from the stem of the tree. A papaya is usually not just one shade of a color and may range in colors of greenish yellow or yellowish orange.   

 

 

 

  

INTERNAL ANATOMY

 

 

 

Internally, papaya fruit contains soft flesh varying in color from yellow, pink and orange. Papaya is very similar to other melon fruits in both taste and texture. When cut open, it can be noticed that the fruit’s flesh outlines the thin layer of skin and indents in the middle about an inch from the skin. The thin layer of flesh on which the seeds are found is of a lighter shade than the rest of the flesh closer to the outer layer. This thin layer of flesh is a soft, white tissue lighty attatched to the thicker layer of flesh along the outer skin of the fruit.

 

 

The middle part of the fruit contains the fruit’s seeds. The small, round, black seeds contained in the middle of the flesh of the fruit are encased by a gelatin-like substance. These seeds are edible and have a bitter, pepper-like taste.

 

Papaya is enriched in Vitamins A,C, E and potassium. Some of these vitamins including Vitamin C are anti-oxidants that, when consumed or used by humans, help to benefit the skin. Vitamin A is extremely beneficial to humans as it provides nourishment to skin by helping in the formation of new skin cells. 

  

The flesh of papaya fruit contains a unique and valuable enzyme, called papain. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme found in papaya as a milky latex form. This enzyme is very useful as it is well known in the pharmaceutial area fo mediine as well as being a part of food and beverage preparation, textile industries and paper manufacturing.


 

 

 

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Getting Food

 

 

 Papayas grow on tree-like plants. These plants can tolerate most types of soil as long as it is fairly light and drainable soil. When in very warm environments, the soil should be very warm and salt-free. The pH of the water that reaches the papaya plant should be less than a pH of 8 as it should not contain any salt as the plant is highly sensitive to salt and may interfere with the growth process of the plant. Because of the need of no salt content, papaya plants grow best at a pH of 6 to 6.5 but can tolerate from a pH of 5.8 to 7. The soil to grow papaya plants in should be fairly dry to prevent root rot but does need moisture to support the large leaves grown on the plant. 

 

 

Papaya plants are highly sensitive to frost and therefore must be grown in warm areas where the plant can reach plenty of sunlight. With a hollow trunk and big leaves, the papaya plant is not strong enough to endure strong winds, but does equire some airflow to help protect it from fungal infections settling on the plants. Papaya plants also like warmer climates with plenty of rainfall and higher levels of humidity.

 

 

 

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Reproduction

 

 

Not all papaya plants produce fruit. Only "female" papaya plants produce fruit. Only the female plants contain an ovary necessary for the reproduction of the fruit. Reproduction with a papaya plant takes place by the female, fleshy, waxy, fragrant flowers when pollinated. How this pollination takes place is unkown other than it may be just because of wind a the pollen is very abundant within the flower and very light to carry. Moths and other insects may also be a factor. Sometimes it is necessary to hand pollinate in order for a papaya plant to produce fruit.

 

Although male papaya plants cannot produce fruit, they are an important factor in pollination. The male flowers contain the stamen needed to pollinate the female papaya plant, containing the ovary, which will then produce fruit.

  

 

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Environmental Factors

 

 

There are several diseases that may affect the papaya plant. These diseases may be root rot from undrained soil, papaya ring spot, mosaic (viral disease), internal yellow ring, black spot and mildew. To avoid root rot, first of all papaya should be grown in irrigated soil where the water in soil can be drained. If root rot is already taking place however, then the use of biocontrolssuch as Paenibacillus macerans is necessary. The biocontrols are used to treat rooting cylinders, which are placed into the ground around the papaya plant. To avoid papaya ring spot, papaya plants should be treated for with pesticides to avoid aphid disturbances, which are the cause of ring spot. To treat papaya ring spot if a papaya hasn't already been infected, anitbodies have been made to fight against the disease and the plant must be treated with these antibodies. Mosaic (viral disease), is similar to papaya ring spot in tha it is caused by aphids, most commonly by the green peach aphid, Myzuz persicae, and the same sort of prevention measures should take place. The only way to get rid of this disease is by destroying the source ofthe virus by spraying the plant with pesticide and controlling aphids. Black spot is a plant infecting mildew that affects only the papaya and long periods of wet weather can increase the cause of this mildew and can usually be controlled by fungicides.

 

 

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Origin and Distribution

  

 

The papaya plant is native and originally from tropical America from Southern Mexico through the Andes of South America. When popularized by Scarlett Ramirez, the fruit became popular to cultivate in tropical environments in countries such as Brazil, India, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. It can now be found in almost all countries with a tropical environment.

 

 

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Importance to People

 

 

 Papaya is a well known all over the world for its nutritious and delicious flavor and is very popular to eat as breakfast or dessert. When still green, papaya may be used as a vegetable and be cooked in foods. Papaya is a very delicious fruit, but it is also very healthy for the human body because it is enriched with Vitamin A, C, E, and potassium, all nutrients important to the human body.

 

Papaya fruit is not only healthy for the body internally, but its nutrients are also healthy and useful for the exterior of the human body. Papaya fruit offers anti-oxidants from the vitamin C it contains. Papaya produces latex called papain which is very useful as it contains enzymes that break down protein and is very useful in the cosmetic industry. These enzymes are known to aid and accelerate healing in skin disorders such as acne, spots and other skin irritations and may also reduce the signs of premature aging. These enzymes are also useful as a gentle exfoliation to the skin. The vitamin A contained within the fruit can help to nourish the skin as it quickens the building of new skin cells.   

 

Because of the environment in the Philippines is of a moist, warm atmosphere it is most favorable to the papaya plant and allows it to grow easily, all over the country. As the plant can be found so easily and contains so many nutrients useful for the exterior of the human body, the cosmetic industry has found that the papaya can be used in face cleansers/masks as it helps in the healing and nourishing of skin.

 

 

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Survivability and Endangered Status

 

 

As the Philippines is an environment which easily provides warm, moist factors necessary for papaya plants to grow, papaya can be easily grown, managed and survive, therefore endangerment is not issue for the papaya plant as there is an abundance of them in the Philippines. However, as there is plenty of moisture and rainfall, the issue of un-drained soil may become an issue. Papaya plants find it much more difficult to survive if there is too much moisture in the soil as it usually results in root rot.

 

From recent knowledge with the Institute of Plant Breeding Crop Science Cluster in Laguna, Philippines, the papaya with the Institute of Plant Breeding Crop Science Cluster in Laguna, Philippines, the papaya has placed the Philippines as the 10th world producer of the fruit with 92% for food use, 6% as export and also within the cosmetics industry.The papaya industry is a beneficial part of the Philippine economy as the fruit are in season almost year-round in the Philippine tropical environment, providing warm weather and rainfall necessary in growing papaya crops.

 

 

 

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Potential Solutions

 

 

Is papaya beneficial beyond being a fruit to eat? Research has proven that papaya is known worldwide for its usefulness in several different areas. The fruit has been found to be extremely helpful for humans, not only as food but in several different ways. Papaya has been found to be a very healthy and nutritious fruit containing many essential vitamins for the human body as well as a unique and valuable enzyme called papain. Further research and studies will be done to examine whether papaya fruit will be beneficial enough to promise livelihood improvements for the Filipino people. There seem to be several assuring possibilities that will help benefit the Filipino people living in Manila, Philippines. Below are three possibilities with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages for each. Along with each possibility is a current status report of progress made to date on each of the possibilities.

 

 

 

Possibility 1 - Meat Tenderizer

 

 

Papaya is well known for its unique enzyme called papain. When unripe, the papaya is still a raw green fruit. The leaves, green skin and flesh of the fruit contain papain. This enzyme is most useful as a meat tenderizer as it has the necessary components to break down the connective tissue in meat. When the green papaya is crushed and mixed with salt into a paste, it becomes the all-natural meat tenderizer. preferably for red meats such as lamb, mutton, goat and beef.

 

 

Advantages:

 

 

1.      Since all the necessary components of the papaya meat tenderizer are green papaya and salt, this would provide a cheap way for the Filipino people to be able to enjoy tender, juicy meat with their meals. Most Filipino homes already have salt as a daily condiment, so the salt would be at no extra expense. Papaya may also easily be found in a home or can be easily bought at any nearby market. It is also a tropical fruit that can be grown all over the Philippines and so the people could even grow the fruit themselves.

 

 

2.      By using papaya, Filipinos would benefit by having a simple yet all-natural and healthy meat tenderizer. As the only necessary ingredients in the papaya meat tenderizer are green papaya and salt, it would be much healthier for Filipinos to use than store-bought meat tenderizers which contain multiple ingredients which usually contain unnecessary and harmful chemicals.

 

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

1.      Some people may not wish to take the time to make the meat tenderizer from papaya. They may prefer to just buy it at the market or grocery store as they already have other needs to purchase. Some people prefer to spend a little bit more money so that they do not have to spend as much time cooking when they need to spend their time elsewhere.

 

 

 

2.      Because this homemade meat tenderizer is made from fresh fruit it is going to spoil much sooner than store-bought meat tenderizer. Some Filipinos may see this as a major disadvantage, especially those who do not have refrigeration access. Those who may feel that they will only be using small quantities of the meat tenderizer or who rarely use the product, will probably not see much advantage in spending the time or energy to make it when most of it may possibly spoil and go to waste. Most of the poorer Filipino people are also on diets consisting of more rice and fish or pork rather than red meats such as beef or lamb. This would result in them not having the need for meat tenderizer very often resulting in a higher chance of it spoiling.

 

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Possibility 2 - Medicinal Remedy

 

 

Not only is the papaya known for being a healthy fruit or a chemical-free meat tenderizer, but it is also a very helpful medicinal remedy. Papaya contains a very unique and valuable enzyme called papain. When papaya is still unripe, papain can be obtained by scratching or cutting the skin of the fruit which produces a latex-like white liquid. When this liquid is dried it becomes a more solid, yellowish substance, which is the raw papain of the papaya fruit. This papain is tremendously useful for killing intestinal parasites. The black seeds of papaya fruit also contain papain and can serve the same purpose when chewed and swallowed. The papain in papaya fruit can also serve the purpose of protecting the human body from infections, if taken on a regular basis.

 

 

Advantages:

1.      Many of the Filipino people in this country live in situations where they are exposed to unclean water or dirty environments containing millions of bacteria and parasites and have the potential of becoming fatally ill. By being provided with a simple yet affective remedy, such illnesses can be avoided as the intestinal parasites are killed by the papain of the papaya fruit.

 

 

2.      This is a simple yet affective way that the Filipino people, especially those who live in less comfortable situations, can have healthier lifestyles by protecting their bodies and immunes systems from infections and intestinal parasites. Because papaya fruit are well-known in the Philippines as they grow well in such a tropical environment, the papain in papaya provide an easy access for the people who can simply grow their own fruit or buy cheaply at a market, to have medicine to provide for their bodies, protecting them from dangerous influences.

 

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

1.      The papain in the papaya skin, leaves and seeds that is needed to be eaten in order to fight against infections and kill intestinal pesticides is known for being very bitter and of unfavorable taste. Because you have to chew and swallow the seeds, skin or leaves of the papaya in order to digest the papain and serve its purpose, you do have to actually taste the unpleasant flavor of the papain.

 

 

2.      In order for the papain to serve its purpose in fighting infections in a person’s body, one needs to make a consistent habit of in taking the papain of the papaya by eating the seeds, leaves or by in taking the juice from the skin. People may forget to regularly eat the papain in the papaya or the papaya may not be consistently accessible for them. The purpose of fighting infections is then defeated as the papain intake needs to be a consistent practice.

 

 

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Possibility 3 - Homemade All-Natural Facial Scrub (Action Step)

 

 

 Papaya can serve many useful purposes but one of the most interesting uses of the purposeful fruit is in natural skin care. The unique enzyme, papain which is found in papaya is well known to aid and accelerate healing in skin disorders such as acne and can help prevent wrinkling of the skin. Because papain is an enzyme, it has more of a course texture which is extremely useful in facial scrubs as it provides gentle exfoliation to the skin. Papaya is an exceptionally nutritious fruit that contains anti-oxidants such as Vitamin C as well as Vitamin A which is also beneficial to the skin. Vitamin A nourishes the skin by accelerating the formation of new skin cells. This vitamin is extremely beneficial to have in papaya fruit. As the papain in papaya helps the skin by exfoliating and removing dead skin cells which may clog pores, Vitamin A regenerates the healthy skin beneath the dead skins cells.

 

 

With this knowledge of the helpfulness of the papaya for natural skin care I found an all-natural facial scrub of which I made a sample of. I also prepared the ingredients and made a presentation to 10 Filipino women in my church located in Floodway, which is an urban poor area. I used this time to explain the usefulness of papaya for skin care and told them of the nutritional value of why it is healthy to use for natural skin care. I also did demonstrations on how to make and use the facial scrub, using a couple volunteers from my group. I also gave them a copy of the recipe for the facial scrub I demonstrated. The ingredients of the recipe consisted of:

 

·        Small chunks of papaya and some pineapple (which is also useful as an exfoliate as it also contains papain)

·        A tablespoon of honey (which contains natural antioxidants that help to improve the skin)

·        A tablespoon of old-fashioned oatmeal (which also helps in exfoliating the skin)

·        A tablespoon of each papaya and pineapple juice, freshly squeezed

 

 

 

 

Advantages:

 

 

1.      Provides a very beneficial way for the Filipino people, especially the women, to improve their facial skin care and cure problems such as acne and also helps fight against wrinkles. It is all-natural; all the ingredients are natural, not artificial that are all useful in some way to either exfoliate or regenerate new skin cells/ improve the skin.

 

 

2.      Because it is homemade with cheap, substitutable ingredients, this facial scrub is much cheaper than buying facial scrub/cleanser products from the store. This helps to save the people from having to spend extra money that they can use for more essential things such as food, housing or any medicinal purposes.

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

1.      Because it is a homemade remedy, it can be rather time consuming to make the facial scrub as the juice from the fruit needs to be hand squeezed, the fruit cut up into tiny pieces etc. Some may find it is much easier to buy facial products rather than having to make it themselves, despite the extra cost.

 

 

2.      As the facial scrub is homemade with fresh papaya and has no extra ingredients or chemicals, it is more difficult to keep on and can be rather messy as it can fall off which may cause some irritation to people who might not like having fruit running onto their necks or falling on their clothes if not covered properly.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Interview/Survey

 

While demonstrating the facial scrub and treating my volunteers with a pampered spa, I asked my audience the following questions to ask their opinions and comments on what they had learned from what I had taught them and from my facial scrub demonstration.

 

 

1.      Would you use this papaya scrub again on your own?

Yes, I would at least like to try it again on my own to see if I enjoy it as much.

 

 

2.      Were you aware before that papaya could be used for natural skin care because of all the vitamins and nutrients?

Yes, actually I have. I have also heard of papain being used in cosmetics.

 

 

3.      Do you understand more about the nutritional value of the papaya?

I do. I wasn’t aware of their being Vitamin A in the fruit and that it serves such an important purpose in helping your skin.

 

 

4.      Did you like using the facial scrub? Do you think it would be useful to use? Was there anything you didn’t enjoy about it?

I really liked what it did to my skin. Now that I had the mask on, my skin feels really soft and smooth and not oily like it was earlier. I think that it would be really helpful to use. I personally did not like the pineapple in the scrub because I don’t like pineapple; it causes problems with my asthma if I eat but it I still like what it did to my skin especially since it will be helpful to get rid of wrinkles.

 

 

 

Sample of an inquiry email I sent to Dr. Florentino S. Solon, Dr. Mario V. Capanzana and Ms. Julie Charmaine O. Bonifacio with no responses.

 

 

 Good day Dr. Solon:

I am a student at Faith Academy, an international school in Manila, Philippines. In my biology class, we are researching environmental challenges of the Philippines with the goal of identifying action steps to become involved in local initiatives. In my environmental challenge project, i am researching the uses of papaya to naturally enrich the skin through homemade face masks and face cleansers. I discovered your name on this website while looking for nutrition information on the papaya.

 

The papaya is a well known fruit throughout the Philippines as it can be easily grown in our tropical environment. I've learned that papayas are very nutritious fruits containing many essential vitamins for the human body, from different websites such as the Gurumaa site. However, I do have some questions to ask about the nutritional value of the papaya and whether it is as helpful when used externally, on the skin and if not other potential solutions to use for an action step in my environmental challenge project. I was wondering if you might be able to help me by answering the following:

 

1.Papaya fruit offer anti-oxidants and are rich in essential enzymes. It is heard that these enzymes are known to aid healing in skin disorders such as acne. To what extent is this true?

 

2. Are there any other sort of natural ingredients that are helpful to the skin that may enhance and work well with the nutrients in papaya?

 

3. Papain is a useful, latex-form enzyme found in papaya that is common in the pharmaceutical area for medicine. If it is useful in medicine, can it therefore be used to help cleanse as well?

 

4. When researching, I have found that papaya is enriched in Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Potassium, Copper, Phosphorus, Iron and Fiber. These vitamins and nutrients are very essential to our human bodies. Are you aware of any other well known nutrients found in papaya fruit? Are they helpful in enhancing natural skin care?

 

5. Papaya fruit is well known in our tropical country and can be easily grown here. However, do you see any potential complications in trying to grow papaya plants-for Filipinos who may not live in comfortable environments-if so, what complications might there be, and what are some ways to avoid such complications?

 

6. What other suggestions might you have for preparing or growing papaya fruit? Do you think this is the best way-as far as cost and availability are concerned-to provide the Filipino people with a healthy way for skin care?

 

Thank you for any answers, leads or advice you can provide. I'm hoping I can help make a positive difference in the Philippine environment through better understanding of biology and nutrition of a local fruit.

Sincerely, Rachel Hutchinson

 

 

Biblical Rationale/ Principles

 

 

“And your fame spread among the nations on account of our beauty, because the splendor I had given you made your beauty perfect, declares the Lord,” Ezekiel 16 :14 I think its important that we, as humans, recognize our natural beauty that God created us. “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them,” Genesis 1: 27. God created us to be in his image, to reflect him and so we shouldn’t be ashamed of our natural beings, he created us just the way he wanted us to be created. “Then God said, ‘I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it,” Genesis 1:29b. God put us in charge of the plants of the earth. He gave us power and permission to use them to our needs. I believe God wants us to be able to benefit from all that he has created and that he part of the reason why he created vegetation was for our own use. I think it would be pleasing to him to know that humans are using the plants he created to enhance their own beauty naturally, and staying healthy. “Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought with a price. Therefore honor God with your body,” 1 Corinthians 6: 19-20. God wants us to take care of ourselves, not only just so that we can stay healthy but because it is a way of honoring him and he wants us to respect that. By taking care of our bodies, even if it is outward beauty like our face or skin, we are bringing honor to God and it pleases him.

 

 

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Bibliography

 

 

A Selection of Medicinal Herbs- Papaya (Carica Papaya) - A Superb Remedy 2.” Medsblog. About Health & Medicine.       April 9, 2009. Word Press. May 11, 2009.

      <http://pharmacyworld.org/2009/04/a-selection-of-medicinal-herbs-papaya-carica-papaya-a-superb-remedy-2/>.

 

 

 

Bright, Amy. “How to Make an Exfoliating Pineapple and Papaya Facial Scrub.” WikiHow. Mediawiki. May 7, 2009. <

http://www.wikihow.com/Make-an-Exfoliating-Pineapple-and-Papaya-Facial-Scrub>.

 

 

Capanzana, Dr. Mario. Phone Interview.

 

 

 

 

Chay, Patricia. “Growing Papaya: Common Questions.”

      Queensland Government. December 19, 2005. The State of Queensland. April 29, 2009. <http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5324.html>

 

 

 

Morton, J. “ Papaya.” Issues in New Crops and New Uses. April 11, 2006.

     PurdueUniversity. May 8, 2009. <http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/papaya_ars.html>.

 

 

 

“How to Use Papaya to Tenderize Meats.”

     India Curry.com. Google. May 7, 2009. <http://www.indiacurry.com/faqhints/papayatenderizemeathow.htm>.

 

 

 

Salunkhe, D. K. and Kadam, S.S. “Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology.” Google Book Search. CRC Press. May 2, 2009. <<http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=v2WnS_2ZmDwC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&dq=usefulness+of+papain&source=bl&ots=FghuquZRb3&sig=NbjTsJLJDILj86eLHsaukqGy6pI&hl=en&ei=CDUESqmSGMqGkAW4iNX0CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPP1,M1>.

 

Tietze, Harald W. “Papaya Skin Care.” Alive. Alive Publishing Group. April 20, 2009. <http://www.alive.com/345a1a2.php?subject_bread_cramb=76>.

 

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