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Music from native materials 0809

Page history last edited by ecop 14 years, 10 months ago

 

BAMBOO AND ITS MANY USES

 

 

 By: Colton Glidewell

 

 


Description and Rationale

 Bamboo is a plant that has been in the Philippines and other Asian counties for thousands

 

of years. Throughout time, humanity has been finding new and interesting ways to utilize

 

bamboo for its benefit. People have used bamboo as cheap alternative for building

 

materials, and used it to make handicrafts and furniture. Though bamboo is beautiful and

 

useful, what else can bamboo be used for that can positively affect the lives of the

 

Filipinos? What must someone do to farm bamboo? What are its commercial and local

 

uses? Can bamboo be used as a cheap alternative cooking utensil? How is bamboo used

 

musically? How does bamboo already affect the local ecology? Is there a new way to

 

utilize bamboo?

 

 

 A large percent of the Filipino people are poor and cannot afford to buy certain things

 

such as; cooking utensils, dinning cutlery or dishes, or musical instruments. Is there a

way to use bamboo to create inexpensive alternatives to often expensive items or

 

commodities? 

 

The initial purpose of this project will be to research the biology and ecology of bamboo

 

and its many inexpensive uses for the Filipino culture through internet and literature

 

research, as well as hands on interaction with bamboo and the people who use it or come

 

into contact with it on a daily basis, with the help of a Tagolog speaking interpreter.

 It is hoped that new inexpensive uses will be discovered for bamboo and that they might

 

help improve the livelihood of the people living in the Philippines through a more

 

informed understanding of an abundant biological resource.

 

 

main table of contents...

Biology

Common Names And Synonyms

 

Bamboos include over 1,000 species of woody, perennial grasses in more than 100

 

genera. Most botanists place them in the tribe Bambuseae within the grass family

 

Poaceae, a large family of 10,000 species and at least 600 genera. Grasses range in size

 

from small annuals “Poa annua” to towering, timber bamboo “Dendrocalamus

 

giganteus”. This is unquestionably the most important plant family, providing the

 

majority of food for humans and their domesticated animals.

 

 

Classification

 

Kingdom:    Plantae:  Plant

 

(unranked): Angiosperms:  A plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.

(unranked): Monocots: Any of various flowering plants, such as grasses, orchids, and lilies, having a single cotyledon in the seed.

 

(unranked): Commelinids (No English Meaning)

 

Phylum:      Magnoliophyta (No English Meaning)

 

Class:          Liliopsida (No English Meaning)

 

Subclass:     Commelinidea (No English Meaning)

Order:         Cyperales

 

Family:       Gramineae  (Poaceae) (No English Meaning)

 

Subfamily: Bambusoideae (No English Meaning)

 

Genus: (No Classification Given)

 

Species: (No Classification Given)

 

Supertribe:  Bambusodae (No English Meaning) 

 

Tribe:          Bambuseae (No English Meaning) 

 

 The grasses are relatively recent additions to the earth's flora, having evolved only 30 to

 

40 million years ago. Vast grasslands provided food for the rising age of herbivorous

 

mammals which in turn provided the food for a variety of carnivores.

 

 

Morphology And Physical Description

Although many characteristics of bamboo are similar to those of trees, bamboo is not a

tree. It is classified as a grass that is much denser, and therefore stronger than wood. It

also grows much faster than trees, making it an easily renewable resource.

 

The commercially important bamboo species in the Philippines are:

· Kauayan tinik, or spiny bamboo (Bambusa blumeana)

· Kauayan kiling (Bambusa vulgaris)

· Bayog (Dendrocalamus merrillianus)

· Bolo (Gigantochloa levis)

· Buho (Schizostachyum lumampao)

 

Among the five species, spiny bamboo and kauayan kiling are the preferred species for

building, furniture making and boat outriggers. Bayog is used for tying and making ropes.

Bamboo is found growing in settled areas where it is planted or grown in plantations and

in the forest where it grows from low altitudes to as high as 2,600 meters in the mountain

provinces of northern Luzon. So far, there is no information on bamboo in settled areas.

The recently concluded national forest inventory placed the country's bamboo in forested

land at 10.73 billion stems, although most of these are non-commercial species.

There are more than 40 species of pandan in the Philippines. They are widely distributed

throughout the archipelago with some species growing along sandy beaches and others in

virgin forests. They vary in size depending on the species, from less than 1 meter to 15

meters in height.

Among the more important pandan species in the country are bariu (Pandanus

copelandii), taboan (P. dubius), alasas (P. luzonensis), oyango (P. radicans), sabutan (P.

sabotan) karagomoi (P. simplex.) common or beach pandan (P. tectorius), and pandan

layugan (P. exaltatus).

The economic value of pandans is in the leaves, which are used for making coarse and

fine baskets, bags, hats, mats, picture frames and other fancy articles. Recently, the

Philippine Forest Products Research and Development Institute have developed cocoon

frames for silkworm production out of pandan leaves. The wood of some pandan species

is also being manufactured into splints used in making baskets. It is estimated that there

are 58.88 billion stems of pandans in the country's forests.

Resins commonly collected for commercial and industrial purposes in the Philippines are

produced from almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya), piling

liitan (Canarium luzonicum) and apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus).

Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) is the source of a resin which is popularly known as

"Manila copal." Manila copal is used as incense, for caulking boats, as a smudge for

mosquitoes, for torches, in varnish manufacturing, sizing paper and other industrial uses.

At present, almost all almaciga resin produced in the country is being exported. Almaciga

is one of the protected tree species in the Philippines and felling it is prohibited.

Giant reed “Arundo donax”, a tall, bamboo-like grass that is naturalized throughout San

Diego County. Like certain bamboos, it spreads by underground rhizomes and has many

 

 

 

uses by people throughout the world. This specie is typically used for musical

 

 

 

instruments such as pan flutes, nose flutes, and xylophones. They also make reeds for

 

 

 

saxophones, clarinets, and bassoons.

 

 

 

 

Getting Food

Large- scale plantations should be planned, taking into consideration the prevalent

climatic conditions and making sure that water source is easily accessible for irrigation

purposes. For areas with a marked dry season, the selection of drought tolerant bamboos

like Bambusa, Gigantochloa levis or Bambusa blumeana would be acceptable. For areas

with high and regular rainfall or a very short dry season, Schizostachyum lumampao,

Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa atter and Bambusa, are more suitable.

A pilot plantation in Magalang, Pampanga, was established in 1989 using nursery-raised

cuttings. Grasses obtained from strip brushing were used to maintain moisture in the

bamboo clump. Three hundred grams of complete fertilizer was applied annually for

three consecutive years, after planting. Direct planting of bamboo in a large-scale

plantation is not feasible and practical. Bamboo planting stocks should be potted in the

nursery for about six to eight months before out planting.

The main objective of managing bamboo plantations is to maximize yield through

sustained clump productivity. This is attainable through the application of appropriate

cultural and harvesting techniques for specific bamboo species. Several factors must be

considered to attain such objectives and these include: nature of bamboo stands; site

conditions related to the species; specific end use or utilization properties; and

regenerative capacity of the given species.

Harvesting is one of the most important activities in a bamboo plantation not only

because it leads to the production of culms that can be used or sold but also, it can

improve production both quantity and quality. A preliminary study conducted on B.

blumeana indicated that removal of spines and cutting of culms close to the ground

increased shoot production, reduced shoot mortality and farming of deformed culms.

Scientists Virtucio and Tomboc in1990, studied the effect of 3 levels of thinning, 3

cutting age groups and 2 felling cycles on culm yield over a period of 10 years in natural

stands of Schizostachyum lumampao, details were as follows: thinning (heavy, moderate

and light), cutting age (3 years and above, 4 years and above and 5 years and above); and

felling cycle (every year or every 2 years). The results indicated that moderate thinning,

cutting once in 3 years and above and felling cycle of 2 years was suitable for managing

Schizostachyum lumampao natural stands and to obtain optimum yield.

 

Reproduction

 

 

Bamboo flowers are hermaphrodites and wind pollinated. Plants flower every few years and

sometimes die after flowering. The range of grass

size is enormous. Bamboos typically form

dense,impenetrable clumps or spread creeping rhizomes. Clumping bamboos are mostly native to

tropical countries, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Burma, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, India and

Southern China. 

 

 

 

Environmental Factors

    Due to the diminishing wood supply, bamboos are now in high demand as raw material

sources for furniture, handicraft and many other products. Because of this, bamboos are

over cut by improper harvesting methods, causing serious genetic erosion due to

unabated pressure, so there is an urgent need for (in situ) and (ex situ) conservation,

especially for those considered rare and endangered. In 1987, through the Bamboo

Research and Development Project, initiated the establishment of pilot bamboo

plantations and bambuseta in different parts of the Philippines.

  Origin And Distribution

      Bamboo originates from the tropical Americas, northern Burma, southern China,

Thailand, Vietnam, and has been introduced to many other Asian countries. They

grow in low elevations up to 12,000 feet. Many people believe that China is the leading

producer of bamboo, but in fact it is India that hold the worlds top spot in bamboo production.

Importance To People

      Reeds and bamboos are very significant plants in the development and evolution of

musical wind instruments. The variety of flutes and panpipes used by Andean musicians

of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador are made from native bamboo species, including the genus

Chusquea” and the pantropical reed “Arundo donax”. Different lengths and widths of

the hollow culms produce the light airy sounds of small sikus or zampoñas and the deep

bass notes of Bolivian toyos. Some of the world's most beautiful music is produced by

these relatively crude instruments. Panpipes have also been made in France and the

Balkan countries, primarily from the reed “Arudo donax” collected in marshlands of the

Danube delta.

 

      The best "reeds" for clarinet, saxophone and oboe mouthpieces also come valleys and

creeks of San Diego County. Often called giant reed, it spreads by thick scaly rhizomes,

forming impenetrable thickets of bamboo-like stems. In fact, giant reed can literally

overtake other native species in riparian habitats and is considered one of the most

serious weeds in California. According to W.W. Robbins, Weeds of California. Giant

reed was so plentiful along the Los Angeles River in the early 1800s that it was gathered

for roofing material and was preferred over the native tules “Scirpus californicus”.

Because of its invasiveness, drastic control measures have been used in San Diego

County, including burning and herbicide sprays. Bamboos have also been used for wind

instruments in Asian countries. The national instrument of Japan, the shaku hachi, is

made from the lower end of small-culmed bamboos. The Chinese xiao, a notched flute

played in modern orchestras, is made from the bamboo “Phyllostachys nigra”. In the

Philippine city of Las Piñas, each of the 950 pipes of a remarkable organ is made from

hollow bamboo culms; in Java, more than twenty percussion, wind and string instruments

are made from bamboos, mostly from the genus “Gigantochloa”.

 

Survivability And Endangered Status

There has not been any reliable inventory of available erect bamboos nationwide except

that of an FRI-RP-German Project conducted in 1988. Result of the said inventory

estimated the bamboo resources at about 10,730 million linear meters, most of which are

represented by climbing bamboos totaling 8,318 linear meters. In the said inventory, only

five species were covered. Of the five species covered, Schizostachyum lima and

Schizostachyum lumampao which are naturally growing in the forests were the most

plentiful, the former with 27.2 million culms and the latter, with 172.0 million culms

available. The Master Plan (1997) for the development of bamboo as a renewable and

sustainable resource reported that there were 39,000 to 52,000 hectares of bamboo stand

distributed as follows: 20,500-34,000 hectares in the forest lands; 2,236 hectares in

government plantation; 3,037 hectares of privately owned plantations; and 13,455

hectares of “natural stands”.

At present, there are 62 species of bamboos recorded in the country. Previous records

(1991) showed only 47 bamboo species. The increase in the number of species was due to

the introduction of some bamboos as a result of the efforts of the Ecosystems Research

and Development Bureau (ERDB) to establish bambuseta in a number of places in the

country, such as: Baguio City; Los Baños, Laguna; Nabunturan, Davao del Norte;

Malaybalay and Bukidnon. There may have been other new introductions of bamboos in

the country, but these have not been reported, seen or identified. Most likely, these are

bamboos introduced and planted by garden enthusiasts and are kept as private collections.

Of the 62 bamboo species, 21 are endemic or native Philippine bamboos. Thirteen are

climbers and eight are erect. The rest are introduced and a few of them, introduced in

prehistoric times. The commercially important bamboos, which are usually used in

construction, furniture, basketry and decorative articles are in the table below. The

current commercial bamboos can be increased to 15 species, especially those with thick

culms, walls and big diameter culms

Bamboo species growing in the Philippines

Genus

Species

Remarks

Origin

Arundinaria

A. amabilis

NI

Chile

Bambusa

B. atra

OI

New Guinea

B. bambos

OI

India

B. blumeana

OI

Java & Malaya

B. cornuta

OI

 

 

B. dolichomerithalla

OI

Taiwan

Bambusa sp. 1

N

 

 

B. multiplex

OI

Southern China

B. multiplex f. variegata

NI

Japan

B. multiplex f. elegans

NI

Japan

B. multiplex cv. fernleaf

NI

 

 

B. multiplex cv. golden goddess

NI

Chile

B. multiplex cv. A. Karr

NI

Chile

B. oldhamii

OI

China

B. tuldoides

OI

Southern China

B. utilis

OI

Southern China

B. vulgaris

OI

China

B. vulgaris var. maculata

OI

 

 

B. vulgaris var. striata

OI

 

 

B. vulgaris cv. wamin

OI

China

Chimonobambusa

 

C. falcata

NI

 

 

(Syn. Sinarundinaria falcata)

 

 

 

 

Dendrocalamus

D. asper

OI

 

 

D. brandisii

NI

 

 

D. giganteus

NI

 

 

D. latiflorus

OI

 

 

D. membranaceus

NI

 

 

D. strictus

NI

 

 

Dinochloa

Dinochloa sp.

N

 

 

Dinochloa sp.

N

 

 

D. diffusa

N

 

 

Dinochloa sp.

N

 

 

D. luconiae

N

 

 

D. pubiramaea

N

 

 

Gigantochloa

G. atroviolacea

NI

 

 

G. atter

OI

 

 

G. levis

OI

Java and Sumatra

Guadua

 

G. angustifolia

NI

Columbia

G. angustifolia var. bicolor

NI

Columbia

Melocanna

M. baccifera

NI

Bangladesh

Pleioblastus

P. argenteastriatus

NI

Japan

P. chino f. elegantissimus

NI

Japan

P. chino f. pumilus

NI

Chile

P. chino f. pygmaeus

NI

Chile

P. distichus

NI

Japan

P. fortunei cv. fortunei

NI

Japan

Phyllostachys

P. aurea

OI

China

P. bambusoides

NI

Australia

P. nigra

NI

China

P. pubescens

NI

Japan

Sasa

S. kurilensis

NI

Chile

S. nipponica

NI

Japan

S. palmata

NI

Chile

Sasaella

S. ramosa

NI

Chile

Schizostachyum

S. brachycladum yellow

OI

Asia

S. brachycladum green

OI

Phil.

S. lima

N

Phil.

S. lumampao

N

Phil.

Schizostachyum sp.

N

Phil.

Schizostachyum sp.

N

Phil.

Shibataea

S. kumasasa

NI

Japan

Thyrsostachys

T. siamensis

OI

Thailand

 

 

 

 

 

 

Potential Solutions

 

Is there a way to use bamboo to create inexpensive alternatives to often expensive items

 

or commodities?  In fact, there are several ways to utilize bamboo as a cheap

 

 

 

replacement. Bamboo has proven itself to be quite valuable to the livelihood of the

 

 

 

Filipinos, through food, music, medicine and many other ways. As far as new ways of

 

 

 

utilizing bamboo, this researcher is at a loss to find them, just about every use for bamboo

 

 

 

has been exposed, but not all of them are known to everyone in the Philippines. Below

 

 

 

are 3 possibilities with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages for each.  Along 

 

 

with each possibility is a current status report of progress made to date on each of the

 

possibilities.

 

 

 

 

Possibility 1: Rain Stick

 

 

Bamboo is an abundant recourse in the Philippines, unfortunately for most money is not,

 

this makes buying musical instruments neigh impossible, which is a shame when living in

 

 

 

a country full of such raw, untapped, musical talent. A year ago, as a gift my mother

 

 

 

bought me a rain stick made of bamboo for about 1,000 pesos ($20.73 USD). For a lot of

 

 

 

Filipinos 1,000 pesos is about one months wages, so of course there is no way they can

 

 

 

afford to buy a rain stick. So I sought out to find a way to build a rain stick using fresh

 

 

 

green bamboo, uncooked rice, 2 inch nails, old cloth and duct tape. I was very successful

 

 

 

in finding my materials inexpensively; I bought a bag of nails and duct tape for 100

 

 

 

pesos, ($2.07 USD) and was able to chop down 10 feet of bamboo for free, with the

 

 

 

permission of the Maharlika Hills subdivision grounds keeper. I then used a bolo to chop

 

 

 

up my bamboo. I cut the bamboo at the top of the culm, just below the bud-knot, to open

 

 

 

up the top of the culm. Then with my opened culm, I cut below the next bud-knot down

 

 

 

to have closed end. Then I took nails and hammered them all over the culm, and then

 

 

 

poured dry rice into the culm; the nails are there to slow the rice down when you turn the

 

 

 

stick to prolong the rain sound. I then took an old piece of cloth I found in my house and

 

 

 

cut it into a small square, about 8x8 inches, and used the duct tape to close off the open

 

 

 

hole.  I went to a neighbor hood in Quezon City and taught the children and few of their

 

 

 

parents how to do this and none of them had ever heard of a rain stick before, which to

 

 

 

me was great because I was teaching them something new. My maid Sara interpreted in

 

 

 

Tagolog for me

 

 

 

 

 

Advantages:

 

 

1)      Making the rain sticks at home, rather then buying pre-made rain sticks from a music store, cuts the cost of the instrument dramatically, therefore creating a cheap

 

 

alternative. This also makes music more accessible to those who cannot afford to pay

 

 

 

for lessons or instruments.

 

 

 

2)      The rain stick is very simple and inexpensive to make, and for the most part, safe

 

 

 

for children to make; with adult help and/or supervision. I had  a few of the children

 

 

 

in the neighborhood help me make the rain sticks

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

1)      Getting the bamboo out of a growth clump is an extreme challenge. It took me

 

 

two hours so cut out one 10 foot piece. Because of the buds near the top of the culm

 

 

 

grow out horizontally, the bamboo tangles with other culms, sort of tying itself to the

 

 

 

rest of the clump. It took a lot of pulling and chopping to get the piece out, and I was

 

 

 

really dirt and sweaty.

 

 

 

2)      Termites propose a large problem to this solution, even though bamboo is a grass

 

 

 

and not a tree or a wood, termites still eat it, which can cause the inside of the

 

 

 

bamboo to become brittle and break. Even with my store bought rain stick, termites

 

 

 

still have a huge affect

 

 

 

 

Possibility 2: Rice Cooker

 

To the Filipinos, and many other Asian cultures, rice is the most important part of every 

 

 

meal, and therefore must be present at every meal. Again, because of the poverty on the

 

Philippines, I was taught a provincial solution to this problem by my maid Sara. Sara

 

 

 

grew up in the province and she showed me how to make a rice cooker with a bamboo

 

 

 

culm. So with the remaining 7 feet of bamboo I had left over from making three rain

 

 

 

sticks, I cut another 1 ft. piece off. I used a piece of bamboo that was closed off at both

 

 

 

ends by a bud-knot, and chopped a hole into the side of it. I then filled the culm, half with

 

 

 

uncooked rice and half with water, and set it over an open flame. I used dried palm

 

 

 

branches and old dry wood to make my fire.

 

 

 

Advantages:  

 

 

1)      The rice cooks at about the same speed as an electrical rice cooker, but using no

 

 

energy source to do so. If green bamboo is used, the culm will not burn, and instead it

 

 

 

becomes a pressure cooker which can be reused.

 

 

 

2) The green bamboo has a liquid that is released during the cooking process most

 

 

 

likely due to sweat, which naturally flavors the rice with a sweet sugar-like flavor.

 

 

 

Sugar cane is within the bamboo family which might explain the sweet flavor.

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

 

1)      Making the rice cooker is rather difficult, it is one thing to chop the top off of a

 

 

 

piece of bamboo; it is much harder to cut a hole into the side of bamboo. If you don’t

 

 

 

know what you are doing, (which I didn’t) then the bamboo will cut very messy and

 

 

 

shred, instead of making a clean hole, this also gets bamboo shreds in the rice, which

 

 

 

isn’t necessarily bad, it just might be unpleasant to the consumer.

 

 

 

2)      The hardest part for me was to keep the fire going, the fire was being sustained by

 

 

 

old wood which seemed to take for ever to catch fire, and dry palm branches, which

 

 

 

burned up too fast to keep it lit. Most of this process was a battle to keep a fire going,

 

 

 

because without the right kind of fire making materials, this is process is very

 

 

 

difficult.

 

 

 

 

Possibility 3: Dishes and Cups

 

For my final possibility I tried to make a cup/bowl out of bamboo by cutting the culm off

 

 

 

at about 6 inches away from the bud-knot. This would create a practically free or

 

 

 

inexpensive way to get dishes into a person’s home. This was the simplest possibility I

 

 

 

was able to find

 

 

 

 

Advantages:

 

 

 

1)      Making a cup or a bowl is a simple as cutting the end off of a culm of bamboo.

 

 

 

One can make several bowls and cups in a short amount of time easily, and it is a

 

 

 

renewable recourse at a low cost or free.

 

 

 

2)      A person can make a wide range of sizes of bowls and cups, depending on the

 

particular piece of bamboo that is cut down. Some for kid’s cups, soup bowls, and

 

 

rice bowls, etc. Also, bamboo wont break like glass will and are essentially break

 

 

 

proof and child proof.

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

1)      Cutting the cups and bowls so they look nice, and cutting them cleanly takes a lot

 

 

 

of practice and skill, and is therefore difficult to do. When I cut my cut it mostly

 

 

 

shredded around the brim of the cup, making it rather unsightly.

 

 

 

2)      Constantly putting liquids or wet foods, like soup, cereal, foods with sauces like

 

 

 

chicken adobo into the bowls can cause them to rot over time and could eventually

 

 

 

cause a serious illness.

 

 

 

 

Biblical Rationale/Principals

 

Genesis 1:29-31 (New International Version)

 29 Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and

every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. 30 And to all the

beasts of the earth and all the birds of the air and all the creatures that move on the

ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give every green plant for food."

And it was so.  31 God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was

evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

Genesis 2:15-16 (New International Version)

 15 The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take

care of it. 16 And the Lord God commanded the man, "You are free to eat from any tree in

the garden;

From these verses we can know for certain that God has given us earth. It was created for

us, for our pleasure and joy, but with those things comes a responsibility to take care of

what was given to us, and to use its recourses to help those who are in need.  Earth is not

merely a planet, it is not only our home, but it is also a gift from God; and in times like

these, when there are scares of global warming and energy sources running out, now is

the time more then ever, to take better care of the gift we have been blessed with and find

new, renewable recourses to help sustain our lives and the life of planet earth.

 

 

 

 

main table of contents...

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Site creator name not given, Bamboo – Biology, site creation date not given, www.experiencefestival.com, 5/11/09, <http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Bamboo_-_Biology/id/614260>

 

Site creator name not given, Its All About Bamboo, site creation date not given, www.bambooman.com, 511/09, <http://www.bambooman.com/main.php>

 

Site creator name not given, Bamboo Information Network, site creation date not given, www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph, 5/11/09, <http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/cin/bamboonet/default.htm>

 

Site creator name not given, The Famous Bamboo Organ, site creation date not given, www.tifter.com, 5/11/09,

<http://www.trifter.com/Asia-&-Pacific/Philippines/The-Famous-Bamboo-Organ-in-the-Philippines.53942>

 

 

 

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